Law of Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Law of Criminal Evidence - Essay Example This privilege depends on the Latin proverb nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare (no man will undoubtedly blame himself’). This standard is found, expressly or by show, in a significant number of the universes lawful frameworks including England and ribs. (Murphy, P Murphy) Criminal equity and Public Order,1994, segment 38, gives that no conviction will be founded completely on quiet of the blamed. Besides, however not unequivocally found in Europpean Convention of Human Rights, (Dennis, I H ,2002) still in the decisions of Europan Court of Human Right, right ot keep quiet is kept up. ( Murray v. UK. 1996) It is in this manner, found that Imtiaz’s quiet during pre-time for testing depends on his legitimate right and won't esteblish any offense against him. For this reason, the arraignment can not liken his quietness to his admission in an official courtroom. So as to esteblish any blame, indictment will need to keep up his case past confirmation during care and the case ought to be suported by the proof. To keep quiet in pre-trail request by police is an esteblished right of the charged. He may keep up his position in any event, when there is no counsel by his solisitor or his specialist advices against quiet. It is found for this situation that the blamed Imtiaz had kept quiet on guidance of his solisitor and he likewise referenced the equivalent in his announcement. Be that as it may, he didn't specify any purpose behind the equivalent. Presently, would there be an adjustment in circumstance and lawful results on the ground that denounced had offered any purpose behind solicitor’s guidance? To be straightforward, it must be found considering accused’s right. Denounced isn't limited by the guidance of his specialist as on account of co-blamed, Shannan, who would not have a specialist altogather and gave her announcement. Specialist should control you according to law and no exhortation illegal of the land is normal from a lawful direction. For this situation, as well, the exhortation by Imtiaz’s specialist depends on

Essay About Effect Of Pollution Essay

Earth, a wonderful planet load up with different creatures and plants. Clean air for living things to breath and a stunning arrangement of nature for all to share. It is our obligation to go down this endowment of nature flawless to the group of people yet to come. We should deal with nature by not dirtying it. Clean advancements ought to be used to improve better living and not contaminate the Earth. The basic contamination that we see regular is air, land and water contamination. Water contamination is brought about by synthetic concoctions and water that were dumped into the waterway, lake and ocean. The dirtied water will gradually murders all the fishes, plants and creatures which drinks the water. Inevitably, human will be influenced too as there won’t be spotless water to drink and fishes or ocean bottom as food. People can likewise get ailments from sullied water or fish that originates from dirtied water. Gases and synthetic compounds discharged by production lines and vehicles will in the long run delivered corrosive downpour. The acidic downpour makes structures rot, harms trees and numerous other human-made structures. Air contamination will likewise cause breathing challenges in people, lung malignancy and exacerbate asthma. Deforestation because of the quick increment of populace and industrialization will truly harm Earth. By unreasonable cutting of trees, the earth will gradually lose its spread which prompts soil disintegration, intensifying nursery impact and a worldwide temperature alteration. We should all wake up and understood that we have to dirty less and deal with the compelling force of nature, else it will be past the point where it is possible to spare the earth.

Peyote Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help

Peyote Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print What to Know About Peyote Use By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 01, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 14, 2020 kedsirin jaidee / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Peyote Do? Common Side Effects Signs of Use Myths & Common Questions Tolerance & Withdrawal How to Get Help View All Back To Top Peyote (Lophophora williamsii or Lophophora diffusa) is a small, spineless cactus that is found in the southwest United States, northern Mexico and Peru. The plant has been used for about six thousand years by native tribes for religious and healing purposes. Peyotes principal active ingredient is mescaline, a psychedelic  compound that can also be man-made through chemical synthesis.?? The peyote buttons, protrusions found on the tops of the cactus plants, are usually dried and then chewed or soaked to be made into a liquid such as tea for consumption. They can also be ground into a powder and used in capsules or smoked with tobacco or cannabis.?? As a Schedule I substance, peyote is considered an illegal and addictive drug in the United States. However, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) Amendments of 1994 gives Native Americans the legal right to use peyote for their religious services.?? This exemption has been an ongoing and contentious issue for many years, although case law has determined that even members of the Native American Church who do not have Native American ancestry can legally use peyote in this context. Also Known As:  Peyote is also known as  buttons, cactus, mesc, peyoto, blue cap, broken, bad seed, britton, hikori, hikuli, half moon, hyatari, P, nubs, seni, and tops Drug Class: Peyote is classified as a hallucinogen. Common Side Effects: Peyote is known to cause nausea and vomiting, increased body temperature, hallucinations, altered perceptions of space and time, impaired motor coordination, euphoria, and anxiety.?? How to Recognize Peyote Peyote buttons (the “crown” or top of the peyote cactus) look like disc-shaped buttons. They can be fresh or dried and users can chew them or soak them in water to make an intoxicating liquid. Since peyote has a bitter taste, it is also ground into an off-white powder that is placed inside a capsule to be swallowed or sprinkled into a cigarette or marijuana joint to be smoked. What Does Peyote Do? Peyote is a hallucinogen, meaning it can cause profound distortions in a persons perceptions of reality (known as hallucinations), including seeing, hearing, and feeling things that seem real but are not. Hallucinogens are thought to affect neural circuits in the brain involving the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays a role in mood, sensory perception, sleep, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, and muscle control.?? The effects of peyote, which can range from a deeply mystical transcendental state to a “bad trip” and dysphoric symptoms, depending on the potency and amount ingested, as well as the user’s expectations, mood, surroundings, and mental health history. Many describe the high as dream-like.?? The effects are often intensified when the drug is combined with substances like alcohol or stimulants, which can be potentially harmful to a persons mental health.?? As soon as 30 minutes after ingesting peyote, people can begin to experience its effects as well as physical discomfort (including nausea, sweating, and chills) that can last up to two hours before reaching a peak. The hallucinogenic effects typically peak around two hours after ingestion, and gradually decline over the next eight to 12 hours.?? Some users compare these peaks to LSD trips in that they profoundly alter perceptions of self and reality and can intensify emotions. The effects are also similar to other hallucinogens like psilocybin (the hallucinogen in magic mushrooms) and PCP.?? What the Experts Say According to a 2014 study on the prevalence of peyote use in Native Americans, there was a fairly large surge in the number of Native Americans who used peyote for roughly four years after the AIRFA passed.?? Researchers believe the increase in use was likely due to more people admitting to using peyote once it was legal. Since that time, the number leveled to just under 10%. Peyote use in the rest of the U.S. population is between 1% to 2%, although most data sources that quantify drug use exclude peyote, so it is hard to gauge the full scope of the use.   Though peyote can certainly cause negative effects such as those mentioned above, the research that has been done indicates that ingesting peyote doesnt appear to be life-threatening and most adverse effects go away in time.?? The mescaline in peyote, however, is known to be potentially harmful to developing fetuses, so if youre pregnant or think youre pregnant, you should not use peyote.?? Off-Label or Recently Approved Uses Peyote has been used by Native Americans for thousands of years in religious ceremonies and for the treatment of various physical ailments. The use of peyote is illegal in the United States and classified as a Schedule 1 controlled drug, although there remains an exception for members of the Native American Church who, when assisted by a a healer or roadman (similar to a priest or minister) use the drug to facilitate communication with the Great Spirit, also called the Creator. Peyote and other hallucinogens have also been studied as a possible treatment for a variety of mental health conditions including schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dementia, which are all associated with perceptual distortions.?? Common Side Effects The amount of mescaline needed to produce hallucinations is very smallâ€"usually 0.3 to 0.5 grams. The effects can last up to 12 hours, but this depends on your size, metabolism, and how much you ingest. The physical effects of peyote tend to be similar to those of LSD and include:?? Increased body temperatureIncreased heart rateUncoordinated movementsWeaknessProfound sweatingSevere nausea and vomitingIncreased blood pressureNumbnessAppetite lossFlushingDifficulty sleeping Mental effects that can occur include:?? HallucinationsAnxietyEuphoriaAltered sense of time (i.e., it passes slowly or quickly)Altered awarenessInability to focus or concentratePanicParanoiaA sense of relaxationAltered feelings and perceptions According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, there isnt much known about the long-term effects of the majority of hallucinogens, including peyote.?? However, it is known that repeated or long-term use of hallucinogens can cause the following effects: Prolonged psychosis: Though this condition is rare, symptoms include visual disturbances and scattered thinking, as well as periods of paranoia or mood disturbances.??Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD): Rarelyâ€"about 4% of people who use hallucinogensâ€"will use of peyote and other hallucinogens such as LSD contribute to the development of HPPD, which is when you develop flashbacks of hallucinations and visual disturbances that dont go away and may even begin to interfere with your daily tasks of living.?? These symptoms can be mistaken for neurological disorders such as a stroke or a brain tumor. Though both persistent psychosis and HPPD are rare among people who use peyote, they can occur without warning and have been reported even after a single exposure to peyote. Generally, these symptoms occur in people with a history of psychiatric problems. Signs of Use According to the Partnership for Drug-Free Kids, if a loved one is using peyote, there will be some telltale signs, including:?? Flushed skinLoss of appetiteDry mouthSleep problemsUncoordinated movementsExcessive sweatingPanicParanoiaSensory confusion (such as “seeing” sounds or “hearing” colors)Disordered thinking or detachment from reality When to Seek Help If you feel physically ill or mentally out of control, call 911 or ask a trusted friend (preferably someone who is not intoxicated) to go with you to the nearest emergency room. The ER staff is not looking to get you in trouble but to keep you safe and help you get the best treatment for your current state. Myths Common Questions Peyote is often considered a relatively safe drug due to its presence in nature and long history of use in religious ceremonies, but peyote use is not without its negative effects. There is also often confusion about peyotes legal status under the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which ensured that native people can exercise their traditional  religious ceremonies, including those that incorporate peyote use. While legitimate religious use is permitted under the law, the recreational use of peyote is illegal in the United States. It is legal to grow peyote in Texas, however, so long as licensed peyote distributors are registered with the federal Drug Enforcement Agency.?? Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Like other psychedelics, peyote is not necessarily addictive when used sparingly, and in some cases, can be used to treat addiction and substance abuse. However, peyote users are more susceptible to building a high tolerance, requiring the use of more and more peyote to achieve the same effects. Peyote tolerance can build quickly with regular use and in as few as three to six days.?? How Long Does Peyote Stay in Your System? Peyote can be detected in the human body for as few as two days and for up to three months.  The length of time that peyote stays in your system depends on individual factors, such as your  metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, and health conditions. Due to all of these factors, there isnt a definite period of time that peyote can remain in your body. However, there is an estimated range of times during which peyote can be found with certain tests, including:?? Urine: 2 to 3 daysBlood: Up to 24 hoursSaliva: 1 to 10 daysHair follicle: Up to 90 days Screening for peyote use isnt included in routine drug tests, so mescaline must be tested for specifically. Addiction Peyote does not appear to be addictive, but further research is needed to determine if addiction is possible. Some general signs of addiction you may want to watch out for: Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from the tripUsing peyote, despite any consequences or negative effectsTaking higher doses than necessary for a greater highTolerance, or needing more of the drug to get the effects experienced the first time Withdrawal While more research is needed to determine the specific withdrawal symptoms linked to peyote, the drug has been known to cause psychological symptoms of withdrawal, such as depression or dysphoria.?? How to Get Help If you or someone you love is showing signs of peyote misuse, or any other type of illicit substance, its important to know that help is available. While theres no specific treatment for peyote addiction, there are evidence-based addiction treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), support groups, life skills training, and relapse prevention that may be a good fit.

The International Business Field And The Entrepreneurship...

Entrepreneurial management is the system of taking entrepreneurial knowledge and exploiting it for growing the effectiveness of new business venturing as well as small and medium size businesses. There are studies that think of international entrepreneurship as more of a common marvel than young ventures entering international markets and slight interest is dedicated to the entrepreneurial behavior of organizations once they first enter into international markets. There is an inequality among the international business field and the entrepreneurship field, because of findings that exploit a theoretic outline, many use an outline from the international business theory to hold down their study, while outlines from the entrepreneurship domain are nearly nonexistent. Traditional entrepreneurship research is mainly absent in international entrepreneurship. While scholars recognize that continual internationalization is a progression about manipulating the c hance recognized at the moment, slight consideration has been dedicated to the opportunity component of international entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial culture inspires ideas, research and originality by regarding and looking for new plans, also associated to innovative products and market regions. An entrepreneurial culture enables the creation of necessary diversity and they recognize it as one of the main circumstances for the formation of new knowledge inShow MoreRelatedResource Based View of Social Entrepreneurship: Puting the Pieces Together813 Words   |  3 Pages INTRODUCTION The emerging field of social entrepreneurship calls for a need for new integrated theories to contribute to the discipline and help grow the field. 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These particular courses had a great impact on my decision to pursue a major in Economics and a double minor in International Relations

The Reconstruction After The Civil War - 977 Words

As a country, America has gone through many political and governmental changes. Leaders have come and gone, all have different goals and objectives for the outcome of America’s future. As history takes its course, most of the most have the same ending of coming to an end to start something new. One such movement was the Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time period between 1865 and 1877 following the Civil War, during which people of the United States worked to put the country back together again, introducing a new set of significant challenges. Though, like all things in life, it did come to an end, the resulting outcome had been labeled both a success and a failure. The Reconstruction after the Civil War consisted of failures as well as successes. Despite having the intentions of positively affecting the country, yet failing to do so, the National Government from 1865-1877 successfully integrated many positive changes. During this time the Reconstruction restored the Unit ed States as a unified nation: by 1877, all states acknowledged the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, used the Freedman’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act to help protect former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the war, and all of the former Confederate states drafted new constitutions reunifying the Union. In 1865 the Constitution declared that â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been dulyShow MoreRelatedReconstruction after the Civil War900 Words   |  4 PagesAfter Reading John Hope Franklin’s  Reconstruction after the Civil War  I have a completely new outlook on reconstruction. Some may say that this book, regardless of its historical contribution on Reconstruction, which it tries to demolish William Dunning’s myth of white supremacy. 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Effects of Google Translate on Vocabulary Free Essays

Effects of Google Translate on Vocabulary Acquisition and Reading Comprehension BY traveler0527 Effects of Google Translate on Vocabulary Acquisition and Reading Comprehension Abstract With the rapid development of technology, more modern ways are applied to English learning. Though technology towards language learning has been extensively studied in recent years, the influences of online translation are seldom examined. This study investigates the effects of Google translate on English vocabulary acquisition and article comprehension. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Google Translate on Vocabulary or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was hypothesized that Google translate can improve students’ performance in both aspects. The research was evaluated by an experiment which needed participants to read one article and finish some related quizzes. To make a comparison, participants were divided into two groups with only one can use Google translate. The results were unexpected. It seems that Google translate does not has a significant positive effect to help students learn English vocabulary and to improve reading comprehension. Students who learn English, teachers who want to help their students make progress and researchers in this area could benefit from this study. Introduction The rapid development of technology in recent decades benefits the education area. Besides traditional teaching methods, more approaches are employed in language learning to help learners make progress. Many studies have focused on impacts of different kinds of technology on English learning. Previous research from Kung and Chuo (2002) affirmed that college students acknowledge the Internet as a useful tool to learn English. Chun and Plass (1996) suggested that with multimedia program to assist high school students in reading articles, the rate of incidental vocabulary learning increased. However, few studies have examined the effects of online translation service on English learning. Research studies both vocabulary learning and reading comprehension is also difficult to find. Therefore, further investigations are needed. This research is aimed at investigating the influences of Google translate on vocabulary learning and reading comprehension. Google translate is a kind of free online language translation service which can instantly translate text or web pages into numerous different languages. Vocabulary learning is an important and fundamental aspect of English study which stresses cognition and use of words. Additionally, reading comprehension is an ability to understand articles which elated to recognition of content and grasp of main ideas. The lack of previous research on this topic leads to the research question: Do students who use Google translate to help them learn English have higher efficiency than students who do not? It was hypothesized that Google translate will improve students’ understanding of unfamiliar words and the content of an article. Methodology Sample The sample participating in this experiment consisted of 1 1 students from Yl- are non-native English speakers. Material Google translate, which is capable to offer translation of text immediately and can un perfectly on laptops, was used as assistance for the experiment group and defined as the independent variable. A relatively new article excerpted from Slate Magazine which is about business and trade was adopted as the test material. With an academic style and approximately 700 words, this article can be difficult to understand. A quiz related to the article consisting of 8 questions about vocabulary learning and 2 questions about reading comprehension was also used. The first 8 questions ask participants to choose the right words to fill in 8 incomplete sentences. The last 2 questions are multiple choice questions. Procedure Several meetings were held to design the experiment and the quiz. After that, the whole experiment was piloted in the researcher team to check the validity of questions and to ensure there would be sufficient time for participants to finish the reading task and the quiz. Another purpose is to make every researcher be familiar with the process. The formal experiment was conducted on 19th April in the EAP classroom. All members of the research team were required to bring laptops in order to run Google translate. First, participants were divided into two groups randomly. 6 tudents in the experiment group were allowed to use Google translate during the reading time. Other 5 students were treated as the control group. Then, a 3-minute- long brief guidance including rules of the experiment was given to participants. Next, paper copies of the article were given out and 1 5 minutes were arranged for participants to read. The experiment group was allowed to use Google translate when they encounter unfamiliar words or sentences, whereas the control group should read through the paper without any assistance. For both groups, taking notes and making marks in the reading paper were forbidden. Afterwards, quiz papers were distributed to evaluate participants’ learning outcomes and Google translate is banned to use. Participants were given 15 minutes to finish the quiz. Finally, all the papers were collected. The whole experiment was conducted in the EAP classroom and last for approximately 40 minutes. After the experiment, the research team gathered to mark quiz papers and the results were analyzed by using a data- recording table. Result and analysis The aim of this experiment is to define whether Google translate can help students learn English more efficiently. Without the independent variable, which is Google ranslate, all other conditions were kept the same to both groups. Therefore, it seems fair to say the experiment was conducted in a Just way. The most important finding is one that out of the researchers’ expectation. The average grade of control group is nearly 1. 2 times higher than the experiment group (Figure 1). It reflects that the control group had a better performance during the test. Considering the result contraries to the hypothesis, deep analyses were given. The possible reasons are as follows. Firstly, because of the lack of a pre-test to divide subjects, there may be a hance to put students who are good at English in the control group. Secondly, participants who have the privilege to use Google translate may rely on it whenever understanding of the content and the efficient use of context. Thirdly, since participants in experiment group needed to switch between the papers and laptops, it is hard for them to concentrate on the article. Fourthly, as Google translate can only give one simple definition of the word or phrase, this could be inaccurate and sometimes could mislead those students. After data were entered in an Excel spreadsheet, the accuracy of every question was alculated. As the Figure 2 below illustrates, the overall accuracy of the control group is higher than the experiment group except for question 5 and 8. No one in the control group answered correctly to the fifth question and one third of them gave wrong answers to the eighth question. These two questions are aimed at testing students’ understanding of the meaning of new words. Google translate gives the right explanations which are consistent with the meaning in the content. This may indicate that Google translate can help students gain the meaning of some words which have clear and simplex meaning. However, the last question, which is a multiple choice question about reading comprehension, none in the experiment group gave the right answer while almost half of the students in the control group chose the correct one. The data suggests that students in the control group had a better understanding about the main ideas of the article. This may because there was no equipment to distract their attention and all they could do during the first part of the test was to read the whole content thoroughly. Another question that worth being discussed according to the Figure is the sixth question, all participants in he experiment, no matter which group they belonged to, failed to answer it. The question is: Even so, it is unclear how much the shift to inland growth really has. The correct word be chosen from the box is â€Å"momentum†. From the experiment group’s perspective, it is proper to surmise that the Chinese translation given by Google translate is inapposite and not related to the content tightly. This made it tough for those who take Google translate as a helper. From the control group’ viewpoints, it may perhaps be that the context is complex and the meaning is hard to guess. Another factor that needs to be concerned is the question itself because it is a compound sentence and difficult to understand. To brief summarize, Google vocabulary and improve the comprehension of reading. Conclusion One of the most important findings is that the control group performed better with higher marks on average in the experiment about whether Google translate is helpful for students to learn new words and to understand better about the content when they read an article. Another interesting finding is that Google translate can be very useful when the target word has a definite meaning and at the same time, be very imited when relate to the text comprehension. In general, the findings are unexpected and contradict the hypothesis which claims that Google translate can have positive effects to English learners. It is also contradictory to the findings of Peters (2007), which claims that the use of online dictionary can enhance vocabulary acquisition. To sum up, though Google translate is useful when readers want to find students when they read an article or encounter words with multi-meanings. The unanticipated findings may relate to some limitations of this experiment. First, the topic is limited. Since the research topic is to examine the effects of technology on English learning, it can contain many subareas. For example, reading, listening, speaking and writing. The research group only focused on 2 English learning aspects: vocabulary and text learning. Even the vocabulary contains lots of inspection points, such as spelling, pronunciation and word meaning. Also, use Google translate to represent technology is one-sided. There are other kinds of technology like software, recorder and e-dictionary. Second, for the experiment, the sample size is too small and lack of diversity. All 11 participants are year 1 students with the same major from the same education background. In addition, the gender proportion is unbalanced. Meanwhile, a pre-test about the English level of the participants is lacked. Moreover, the function of Google translate is inadequate. In brief, the limitations are in two aspects: topic and the design of the experiment and these may lead to the unpredicted findings. The findings of this report lead to some recommendations. Firstly, students who learn English at the beginning level can use Google translate to find the meaning of the words, phrases and sentences to help them understand the ontent. However, it is not suggested to rely on Google translate to find definitions of every words. Secondly, teachers who want to help their students make progress in English learning could use Google translate as assistance more appropriately and efficiently in the aspect of simplex-meaning word acquisition. It is also advised that teachers should encourage students to think more by themselves actively and avoid using Google translate to find the meaning of every new word. Thirdly, researchers in this area can gain useful information about the effects of online translation service n English vocabulary learning and reading comprehension. How to cite Effects of Google Translate on Vocabulary, Papers

Smithton Inc. Marketing

Budgeted profit and actual profit for May Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Smithton Inc. Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fixed Overhead variance Fixed overhead variance= Budgeted overheads- Actual overhead That is: (2.5*1300 units)-3100= 150(F) Analysis of Standards The set of standards developed by Smithton Inc. is in reference to the processes of production undertaken by the organization. The first standard regards the direct materials. Here, the company sets material usage standards such that the production of each unit of output requires 2kgs of direct materials. It also sets the standard price per kilo of direct material at  £3.00. The actual performance of the organization proves that in general, the standards set underestimate the ability of the organization to efficiently apply the use of materials in production. The second set of standards regards direct labor. The organization budgets that the production of each unit of the product requires the application of 30 minutes of labor. In addition, each hour of labor applied costs  £10.00. Looking at the actual performance, the standard price is more accurately determined while there is gross overestimation of the amount of time which goes in the production of a unit of product.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third standard concerns fixed overheads. Estimations here are done in regard of the amount of fixed overheads attributable to a unit of output. A comparison of the budgeted and actual amounts shows that, the standard set was underestimated. Analysis of variances Sales revenue variance There is an adverse sales revenue variance. This variance occurs in cases where the level of sales revenue achieved differs from the set level. It could be as a result of differences in volumes of sales as explain ed by the sales volume variance or as a result of a difference in price budgeted and the actual price in the market. Some factors likely to contribute to the adverse sales variance include ineffective marketing techniques, the emergence of unfavorable conditions in the market. The price at which the products were sold could be as a result of an economic recession or very tough competition in the market (College Accounting Coach, 2010, par 4). Material Variance The month of May registered a favorable material variance. However, a breakdown shows that material price variance was adverse while material usage variance was favorable. Some possible causes of adverse material price variance include unexpected change in price of materials, application of an alternative grade of the material, engaging a different supplier who may be charging higher than the previous supplier. In addition, this could be as a result of exchange rate depreciation in cases where the materials are imported as wel l as carelessness on the part of the purchasing officers. The favorable material usage variance could be as a result of several factors. First, the production unit could have devised better ways to control the amount of waste produced in the production process. This could result from improvement of the conditions of the relevant machines and better training of operators leading to better utilization of the materials. Secondly, there could have been a change in the design of the product with the new design requiring less material to produce in comparison to the earlier. In addition, it is possible that fewer materials were used in production due to the fact that fewer products were produced as a result of low demand in the market. On the other hand, the variance could result from loosened quality control processes which permit less use of materials but at the expense of production of lower quality products (Standard Costs And Variance Analysis, 2010, par5-7).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Smithton Inc. Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Direct Labor Variance The total labor variance is favorable. A breakdown shows that the labor efficiency variance is favorable while the labor rate variance is adverse. There are several possible causes of a favorable labor efficiency variance. First is an improvement in the techniques applied by workers in production. This could result in increased levels of efficiency among laborers. It could also be due to improved motivation levels among works in addition to a reduction in the idle or downtime during the month. A better grade of workers could also have been employed to undertake the production process (Standard Costs and Variance Analysis, 2010). On the other hand, an adverse labor rate variance could be as a result of the application of higher remuneration package than expected. This could be due to the implementation of a mandatory natio nal pay rise which the organization would have to abide. Secondly, a higher grade of workers requiring higher pay may have been employed in the production process. Again, the variance could be as a result of application of bonus payments which differ from what is planned for. Finally, it could be as a result of making more payments for overtime or premium rates than had been projected (Introduction to variance, 2010, par9). Fixed Overhead variance The month of may saw a favorable fixed overheads variance. This could have resulted from unexpected increases in rent, and other fixed overheads including standing charges. Strategic Implications In light of the information on variances described above, the most significant strategic decision would have to be aimed at correcting the large adverse sales variance. It would require substantial expenditure in marketing to ensure that targets are met. Most other decisions would require the development of more ambitious budgets in order to impro ve profitability even further given that the organization is able to achieve several favorable variances. It is however clear that most emphasis should be on reducing the adverse sales variance to improve the organization’s performance. This could be through a review of the marketing techniques applied with a view towards improving them and the application of better methods to project prices more accurately.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference College Accounting Coach, 2010. Archive about ‘Standard Costing Variance Analysis’. [Online] Available at:  http://basiccollegeaccounting.com/category/managerial-accounting-management-accounting/standard-costing-and-variance-analysis/ Introduction to variance, 2010. Tutor2u. [Online] Available at:  https://www.tutor2u.net/business/presentations/accounts/introtovariances/default.html Standard Costs and Variance Analysis, 2010. Loscostos. [Online] Web. This assessment on Smithton Inc. Marketing was written and submitted by user Kylan Ayala to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.